Hannibal :: essays papers

HannibalTwenty-two centuries ago there lived a man named Hannibal, the son ofHamilcar Barca a Carthaginian. Hamilcar was a general in the Carthaginianmilitary in the first Punic War. After the defeat of Carthage in the firstPunic War, Hamilcar made Hannibal swear perennial enmity to Rome.In 228 b.c. Hasdrubal, Hannibals brother-in-law, succeeded Hamilcar andbecame commandant. This meant that not only was the leader of the militarybut also the political leader as well. In 221 b.c. Hasdrubal was assassinatedand Hannibal became commander in Spain. Hannibal was only 25 years oldwhen he was put in command of the Carthaginian armies and the Carthaginiangovernment in Spain. Even at a young age he knew his responsibilities,so he kept his fathers plan of military conquest and his brother-in-lawspolicy of strengthening Carthaginian magnate by democracy. He married a Spanishprincess and took hostages from the surrounding tribes to ensure theirloyalty to him. As a result of this he expanded t he Carthaginian superpowertoward the Ebro river, which was the written northern boundary of Carthageby the Rome treaty of 226. Rome attacked Saguntum, a city close to butcl earliest on the Carthaginian office of the border. This provoked Hannibalto take back Saguntum. The romans considered this an act of war. So in218 b.c. Rome declared war on Carthage. This begins the second Punic War.After hearing the answer of war Hannibal immediately starts off towardsRome. The problem was he had to go by land because Rome controlled theseas. Hannibal takes an regular army of thirty-five to forty thousand men, someon foot and others on horse, along with fifty war elephants across thePyrenees and the Alps in August of 218. Bad luck falls into Hannibalslap as early snows and landslides kill many of his men and almost all ofhis war elephants. While traveling through the Alps he fights battles atArausio and Genua, easily defeating the Roman warriors, although his militaryare in horrible shape. He enters Italy with only twenty-six thousand menand five or six war elephants in September 218. Hannibal and his troopsspent the winter in Po Valley. In the spring of 217 b.c. Hannibal was joinedby the Gauls, northern Italians who were subdued into fighting the Romans.Now Hannibal had a sufficient army of infantry and cavalry. The hardenedCarthaginian troops easily crushed the Roman armies in their way, but withoutsiege equipment the Carthaginians could not destroy the Roman cities. So kind of of trying to siege the city they simple killed the Roman soldiersand moved on.

House On Mango Street :: essays research papers

In Sandra Cisneros book, The House On Mango Street , the question is of how fantasizing keeps you going. In the story there are many different quotes and stories explaining how Esperanza and her friends would daydream about purport in the future. Explaining how Esperanzas friends are waiting for the perfect keep up to come and marry them and take them off out of Mango street. Almost every story has someone daydreaming about how much better life is going to be when they get older. Explaining how there domicile is going to be big and about how they are going to be much happier then how they are now. The quote from the book that Esperanza wrote was I want to be like the waves on the sea, like the clouds in the wind, but Im me. One day air sick jump out of my skin. Ill shake the sky like a hundred violins. This poem explains to us that Esperanza wants to be somebody. It tells us that Esperanza wants to make a switch in this world and wants to be remembered when she dies. This is where Esperanza tries to reach out and explains her feelings with everyone but cant. A quote of Esperanzas dream house was non a flat. Not an apartment in back. Not a mans house. Not a daddys a house all my own. With my porch and my pillows, my pretty violet petunias. My books and my stories. My two shoes waiting beside thee bed. Nobody to shake a stick at. Nobodys garbage to pick up after. Only a house quiet as snow, a space for myself to go, clean as paper before the poem. This tells us what Esperanza is looking forward to in her life. What she thinks her future is going to be like.Another quote from Esperanza is One day I will pack my bags of books and paper. One day I will say goodbye to Mango. I am too strong for her to keep me forever. One day I will go away. This quote explains to us the neediness to Esperanza to get out of Mango Street. The need for her to get away from all of this which she dislikes.

Admissions Essay - Medical School and Shopping :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

Admissions Essay -Medical School and Shopping My mom and I are the type of women who refuse to spend too much m integrityy for lumber clothing. We are admittedly shopaholics. Our escapades can last for days and my bring forth always outlasts me Well, always does not last forever. One day, my mother and I were on champion of our short safaris. She had been complaining of headaches but, ever the trooper, she insisted we go (1-Day Sale, of course). When we reached our destination my mother was dizzy and her head was pounding. Worried, I ushered her into a local drug store, where we found one of those standing blood pressure machines. My mother gave me a weak smile as I turned to sit down and wait for the results. Thats when I perceive the crash. My mother and the machine were keeling over in a horrid cascade of mom, machine and medicine. I rushed to her aid and desperately tried to keep her from tout ensemble falling onto the ground. My mother passed out due to extremely high bl ood pressure and I could do nothing about it. Throughout my academic career, I had been sure of what I wanted to do for the rest of my life-be a doctor. I was not emotionally committed to this endeavor until that eight grade year when my mother and I were helpless. Ever since that day, I have been on a mission. Determined to learn more, I actively researched my familys medical history. Finding that both sides record high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease as problems, I decided to delve deeper. This time I found that African Americans as a group historically sustain from those same complications. The more I learned, the more I fell in love with the intricacies of the circular system. Things such as, the components of the blood and their different duties, the specialized characteristics of cardiac muscles and the bloods hydrogen carbonate buffer system all fascinated me as I traveled through course work. Book knowledge turned to field knowledge as I decided to pursue other avenues of understanding. I worked with the Red Cross Blood Drive in high school carrying blood, helping the nurses and learning more. I interviewed three doctors a cardiologist, an internist and an obstetrician-gynecologist to find out more about the profession and what it takes to be an M.D. Although the internist tried to dissuade me from pursuing he practice, I gleaned the good and the lousy from all three doctors and judged for myself the validity of what I wanted to do.

John Steinbecks Effect on Early Literature Essay -- Biography

magic trick Steinbecks Effect on Early LiteratureEven though John Steinbeck grew up in a small town in California, with his great ambition and perseverance, he was soon able to become one of Americas greatest literary writers that is becalm remembered today. John Steinbeck may have had a difficult start in his early works, which did not gain him much popularity, he was still able to believe that he could be better and was able to write some of his greatest works such as the Gapes of Wrath which make him great to this day. his believe in his ego and help from opposites, he was still able to become successful as a writer. John Steinbeck was born on February 27, 1902 in the small town of Salinas in California (Austro 2415). His parents John Ernst Steinbeck and Olive Hamilton both wanted John to be a lawyer as his life job, but Steinbeck thought otherwise (French 1). As John Steinbeck grew up his love for literature only grew with the help of his mother being a school teacher. She w ould always read him books as a child, which neer helped him become a lawyer in life(Steinbeck.com John) . In his early years of school his teachers always look down on him thinking he was never a smart student, because he never was very great at school, but he always showed talent as a writer(Swisher 16). Even though his teachers never thought great of him, his English teacher always knew he would be a great writer, and because she knew this she would always use his writings as examples for the other students(French 1). Soon later on grade school he knew that he would be a great writer. After High School John Steinbeck attend Stanford college to ask more in becoming a better writer(Austro 2414). He did not finish to get a degree but he learned things in this ti... ...lped him become a better writer. While working he realized hardships of the average worker which he used to write his story like the Grapes of Wrath. His stories on the average worker also helped him sell because t he book were also a influence to the worker to buy, because they were able to relate to the character hardships (Bloom 13). Still to this day he is stilled compared to writers such as Harriet Beecher Stowe of Alfred Hitchcock. Even till his death he is stilled remember as a great writer (Austro 2418).Even though John Steinbeck grew up in a small town in California, with his great ambition and perseverance, he was soon able to become one of Americas greatest literary writers that is still remembered today. He shows that even a bad start and believing you can achieve greatest. He still is and will remember for his life and even after his death.

Gail Tsukiyama’s The Samurai’s Garden Essay -- Samurais Garden Gail T

Gail Tsukiyamas The Samurais Garden Gail Tsukiyamas The Samurais Garden is set in 1930s Japan, the foundation of war and placidity is developed through Character interaction. Characters in the story have very different reactions to the same circumstances. Through the character of Stephen, one stack conclude that removed forces do not control a persons life because in life, people can take what has been given to them and do with it what they wish. In separate words, life is what you make of it. Even though the war in China is very important to Stephen, he does not let it arbitrate with his descisions in Tarumi. condescension his situation, Stephen is able to separate the good from the bad and his experiences benefit him greatly. In the beginning of the novel Stephen talks about how the servant Matsu does not niggle over him and seldom even speaks. When Matsu seems indifferent to Stephens presence, rather than reciprocate these sentiments, Stephen shows interest in Matsus life. Because of this Matsu and Stephen Quickly become close friends and Stephen sense of placidity increases like a steadily flowing river from this point on. During the storm of war between China and Japan, physical and cultural differences set Stephen apart from the villagers, the fact that Stephen is Chinese is something he cannot change. Because of his nationality the villagers separate out to keep him at a distance and his new found friend Keiko has to see him in secret because of her father. The more Stephen and Keik... Gail Tsukiyamas The Samurais Garden Essay -- Samurais Garden Gail TGail Tsukiyamas The Samurais Garden Gail Tsukiyamas The Samurais Garden is set in 1930s Japan, the theme of war and peace is developed through Character interaction. Characters in the story have very different reactions to the same circumstances. Through the character of Stephen, one can conclude that outside forces do not control a persons life because in life, people can take what has been given to them and do with it what they wish. In other words, life is what you make of it. Even though the war in China is very important to Stephen, he does not let it interfere with his descisions in Tarumi.Despite his situation, Stephen is able to separate the good from the bad and his experiences benefit him greatly. In the beginning of the novel Stephen talks about how the servant Matsu does not fuss over him and rarely even speaks. When Matsu seems indifferent to Stephens presence, rather than reciprocate these sentiments, Stephen shows interest in Matsus life. Because of this Matsu and Stephen Quickly become close friends and Stephen sense of peace increases like a steadily flowing river from this point on. During the storm of war between China and Japan, physical and cultural differences set Stephen apart from the villagers, the fact that Stephen is Chinese is something he cannot change. Because of his nationality the villagers try to keep him at a distance and his new found friend Keiko has to see him in secret because of her father. The more Stephen and Keik...

Gail Tsukiyama’s The Samurai’s Garden Essay -- Samurais Garden Gail T

Gail Tsukiyamas The Samurais tend Gail Tsukiyamas The Samurais Garden is set in 1930s Japan, the theme of fight and peace is real through Character interaction. Characters in the story have very different reactions to the same circumstances. Through the character of Stephen, one can reason that outside forces do not control a persons conduct because in life, people can take what has been given to them and do with it what they wish. In other words, life is what you make of it. Even though the war in China is very important to Stephen, he does not let it interfere with his descisions in Tarumi.Despite his situation, Stephen is subject to separate the good from the bad and his experiences benefit him greatly. In the beginning of the novel Stephen talks about how the servant Matsu does not fuss oer him and rarely purge speaks. When Matsu seems indifferent to Stephens presence, rather than reciprocate these sentiments, Stephen shows interest in Matsus life. Because of this Matsu an d Stephen Quickly become close friends and Stephen sense of peace increases same(p) a steadily flowing river from this point on. During the storm of war between China and Japan, physical and cultural differences set Stephen apart from the villagers, the fact that Stephen is Chinese is something he cannot change. Because of his nationality the villagers try to preclude him at a distance and his new found friend Keiko has to see him in secret because of her father. The more Stephen and Keik... Gail Tsukiyamas The Samurais Garden Essay -- Samurais Garden Gail TGail Tsukiyamas The Samurais Garden Gail Tsukiyamas The Samurais Garden is set in 1930s Japan, the theme of war and peace is developed through Character interaction. Characters in the story have very different reactions to the same circumstances. Through the character of Stephen, one can conclude that outside forces do not control a persons life because in life, people can take what has been given to them and d o with it what they wish. In other words, life is what you make of it. Even though the war in China is very important to Stephen, he does not let it interfere with his descisions in Tarumi.Despite his situation, Stephen is able to separate the good from the bad and his experiences benefit him greatly. In the beginning of the novel Stephen talks about how the servant Matsu does not fuss over him and rarely even speaks. When Matsu seems indifferent to Stephens presence, rather than reciprocate these sentiments, Stephen shows interest in Matsus life. Because of this Matsu and Stephen Quickly become close friends and Stephen sense of peace increases like a steadily flowing river from this point on. During the storm of war between China and Japan, physical and cultural differences set Stephen apart from the villagers, the fact that Stephen is Chinese is something he cannot change. Because of his nationality the villagers try to keep him at a distance and his new found friend Keiko has to see him in secret because of her father. The more Stephen and Keik...

Manila Zoo Background Essay

The manilla zoological and Botanical Garden or manilla zoo emerged from the ashes of World warfare II, a proud monument of mans innate love of nature and its multitude of creatures.This showcase of then Mayor Arsenio H. Lacsons vision was natural on May 18, 1959 by virtue of City Ordinance No. 4135 and inaugurated on July 25, 1959. Mayor Antonio Z. Villegas Executive Order No. 10, dated February 1, 1967, integrated into unrivalled office the Division of Recreational Services of the Social Welfare throneency and the Division of Parks and Playgrounds of the Department of Engineering and Public Works with the Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden.The new office was known as the Manila Zoo and Public Recreations Bureau. On June 15, 1969 the Congress of the Philippines enacted R.A. 5264 creating what now is known as the Public Recreations Bureau (PRB). The Manila Zoo is a 5.5-hectare (14-acre) zoo located in Manila, Philippines that opened its doors to the public on July 25, 1959. I t receives millions of visitors every year, and is especially popular with visitors on weekends. It serves as one of the educational centers in the country where the viewing public can observe, discover and learn interesting facts about the beauty of Philippine fauna and flora.thither are 106 species of animals, among which are 30 different kinds of mammals, 63 reptile species and 13 types of birds. In addition to popular zoo occupants such as elephant, tigers, lions and the hippos, Manila Zoo also houses several endemic and indigenous species of animals like the bearcat, long-tailed macaques and crocodiles. There is also a Kinder Zoo inside(a) the Manila Zoo where anyone can roam about freely and interact with the animals inside. Children can play with tamed animals at the same time learn about them and their environment.The Kinder Zoo features different attractions and animals from all over the cosmos like Butterfly Dome, Exotic Birds Aviary, Koi Pond, Philippine Mouse Deer Hous e, Petting Zoo, tip over Pond, Party Barn, Playground, Hanging Bridge and Flamingo Pond. Animals inside include exotic birds, pot belly pigs, miniature animals, Cayman crocodiles, peacocks and peahen ducks, chickens from around the world, rabbits, snakes, ostriches, and Sulcata tortoises. At the center of the zoo is a small lagoon or pond where visitors can experience gravy holder riding.Thereis a small island at the center of the lagoon. Boat riders paddle their way around this island. There are also many restaurants, canteens and souvenir shops inside the zoo. The zoo also has several playgrounds for the children and tables and benches where families may have picnics. With a good mix of education and entertainment purposes, the Manila Zoo does its best to appeal to everyone.ANIMALSThe Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden is home to more than 800 animals from nearly 100 species as of 2007. The zoos most popular resident is Mali, an Asian elephant who arrived at the zoo as an or phaned calf donated from Sri Lanka.List of AnimalsMulticolored StorkBlue-crowned HeronPurple HeronRufous Night HeronIndian Blue PeafowlLeucistic Indian PeafowlBengal tigerPhilippine MonkeySilver FoxPalawan BearcatStump-tailed MacaquePhilippine CrocodileEstuarine CrocodileDomestic HorseWild BoarMiniature brahmanGreen IguanaSailfin LizardElongated TortoisePhilippine CobraBurmese PythonReticulated PythonTarictic HornbillRufous HornbillCatalina MacawHybrid MacawUmbrella CockatooMoluccan CockatooSulfur-crested CockatooRufous-bellied EagleEastern Grass-owlLarge-billed CrowPhilippine Eagle-owlPhilippine Scops-owlBanded quetchBitternBlue-naped ParrotBrown BoobyCrested MynaEgretGallinuleMallardPalawan Peacock-pheasantPond HeronPurple SwamphenSpotted DoveRing-necked ParakeetTurtle DoveWater HenWhite IbisNicobar PigeonFruit BatLuzon Bleeding-heartHanging parrotMalayan CivetPalawan BearcatMonitor lizardSoft-shelled Turtle gooseRheaCassowaryOstrichHippopotamusZebraLlamaCoatiJapanese MacaqueClou d RatOrangutanGoatGuinea PigRabbitBOTANICAL GARDENThe Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden is home to many plant collections, from the botanically rich and diverse Philippine Islands and South Pacific region. An estimated 500 species of plants including impressive mature shadow trees thrive within the enclave. Aside from being a botanical garden, it is also considered as an arboretum.

Integrated Marketing Communications Starbucks Essay

Starbucks key of succeeder is the ability to change the concept consumers had about drinking cocoa. With to a greater extent than 6000 outlets across the world (2003 numbers) and the intention of increasing them in the near future(a), the keep connection has trans aired umber into a lifestyle accessory with as much elegance as the latest fashion. However, their instruction to advantage was non so easy and if we go back in 1971, we will find that coffee bean didnt look like it was a great channel. There were no signs of getting better, either. Coffee consumption in the United States had peaked in the 1960s, still by 1971 it was on the decline. Most Ameri stomachs drank any(prenominal)thing called coffee that came ground up precise finely in vacuum-sealed tins. Nevertheless, there was appeared tiny Seattle based chain with innovative idea of how to do business that in a few years changed the ken about the process of drinking coffee not only in the States but worldwide. S tarbucks has evolved into a great success due to their implementation of integrated Marketing Communications.What is integrated trade converse? For many, IMC is concerned with the harmonization of customer oriented promotional messages. Duncan and Everett (1993) suggest IMC has been referred variously as orchestration, whole egg and circular-knit communication. It is regarded by roughly as a means of combining the tools of the promotional unify in a more efficient and synergistic manner. Increasingly IMC is seen to overwhelm all consistent interactions a stakeholder has with an organization (Shultz and Schults 1998) and therefore any definition needs to include or refer to concepts such added value, relationship marketing, corporate immingle and with it, the blending of internal and external communications.One of the primary motivations why Starbucks moved towards IMC was the reduction in costs that it was possible to realize through this approach. The rise in some media co sts, most notably television through 1990s, the proliferation of media opportunities and the splintering of audiences has led to a reappraisal of the communications strategies used by organizations and a re sortingulation of their promotional and media mixes. By reducing their reliance on above-the-line media and by attempting to move towards the use of media-neutral mixes to deliver consistent messages that cut through the increasing clutter, Starbucks has moved, if unintentionally, towards someform of integrated marketing communication activity.Agreeing a definition of IMC is proving elusive but ace of the more popular, simple and intrinsically satisfying views of IMC is that the messages conveyed by each of the promotional tools should be jibe in station that audiences perceive a consistent image of a product or organisation. One interpretation of this perspective is that the key visual triggers (design, colours, form and tag line) used in advertising should be replicated acro ss the range of promotional tools used, including Point-of-Purchase (POP) and the sales force. At another level IMC is about the integration of some of the promotional tools. One such combination is the closer alliance of advertising with public relations. Increasing audience fragmentation means that it is more difficult to place target audiences and communicate with them in a meaningful way. By utilising the power of public relations to stimulate phrase-of-mouth communication about brands and advertisements.Basically, we see that Starbucks success was built on two things the store experience (Starbucks image) and the quality of its product it really is a better cup of coffee The first one is so sacred that on Starbucks employees initiative the chain even prohibited smoking in its stores in Vienna, where cigarettes and coffee are inseparable, because Starbucks doesnt loss anything to interfere with the insidious scent of fresh-brewed espresso. Thats why top-management of Starbu cks deeply believed that employees make the store that they work in. A Starbucks employee needed to be very knowledgeable, communicative, and tendingful to the customers. Customers need to know the discrimination in the new roasted coffee Starbucks will offer. Well-educated employees will surely handle this requirement. Starbucks need to use strong cultural incentives to drive the realization of opportunities.In Starbucks all employees are called partners, signaling a level of responsibility maintained by few companies with sales in the billions of dollars. Anyone who has an idea uses a one-page form to pass it to the senior executive teatimemand gets a response. When the company pursues an idea, its author, regardless of tenure or title, is typically invited tojoin the launch team as a full-time member. New-style marketing organizations, by contrast, hire marketers not for jobs but for two broad kinds of roles those of integrators and specialists.Integrators are marketers with b road skills who coordinate the delivery of products and serv scratchs to the market from set out to end. Specialistsmore narrowly focused marketers with specialized skillscan be mobilized quickly to provide the particular expertise a given opportunity team requires. Starbucks is one of them and finding its way of capturing the market it will surely pay high attention to the recruitment process.If communications are to be used effectively past there is a need to communicate aspects of the direction in which the organisation intends moving and how it intends to achieve this. In other words, the business philosophy and its aims and objectives, often verbalized formally through missionary work and vision statements, need to be communicated to particular audiences in a way that is synchronised and co-ordinated with the organisations other communication activities. At a strategic level IMC has at its roots the overall business outline of the organisation.Using Porters (1980) Generic Strategies, if a low-down cost strategy is cosmos pursued then it makes sense to complement the strategy by using messages that either stress any price returns that customers might benefit from or at least do not suggest extravagance or luxury. If using a differentiation focus strategy (e.g. Waitrose) then price should not figure in any of the messages and greater emphasis should be placed on particular attributes that enable clear positioning.In case of Starbucks mission sounds like thisEstablish Starbucks as the premier purveyor of the finest coffee in the world while maintaining our uncompromising principles as we grow. The capturement of the mission statement was the start of the companys marketing management initiative. Starbucks overall objective in the eyes of the leaders was defined. This mission does not want to jeopardize the quality, ambiance, or service due to expansion into a global marketplace.Besides writing a mission, Starbucks has outlined their guiding princip les,which they follow in their business1.Provide a great work environment and treat each other with respect and dignity2.Embrace diversity as an essential component in the way we do business3.Apply the highest standards of excellence to the purchasing, roasting, and fresh delivery of our coffee4.Develop enthusiastically satisfied customers all of the time5.Contribute positively to our communities and our environment6.Recognize that profitability is essential to our future success.There can be little doubt that the subdivisions of the marketing mix, however configured, also communicate (Smith 1996). The price and associated values the product, in terms of the quality, design and clear attributes the manner and efficiency of the service delivery people, and where and how it is made available, for example the location, retailer/dealer re congealation and overall service quality, are brand identity cues with which recipients develop associations and images, which in turn through time may shape brand reputations. It is suggested, therefore, that IMC cannot be achieved just by saying the same message through a variety of promotional tools. Effective communication underpins the stability and quality of relationships. While the origins of IMC might be found in the inadequacies of the prevailing structural conditions, an understanding of what IMC is or should be, is far from being resolved and is evolving as the industry matures.The elements involved in IMC are many and numerous. Depending upon the perspective an individual might adopt, those elements might range from a simple configuration of the promotional mix through to a fully integrated and culturally driven mission and corporate strategy.Starbucks chose the second one (Product Concept) and their success over the past 25 years has a lot to do with the quality of the product, which has attracted a loyal and growing following among consumers. The retail strategy has been to put a coffee shop on every corner and t o make fresh-brewed coffee by selling only the highest-quality products and charging a premium price. However, the product mix has changed significantly over the years, with beans accounting for about 15% of the chains sales and company needs to remember this entering the Russia market. Meanwhile, Starbucks is expanding its offerings, with a line of ice cream for supermarkets and a joint venture with Pepsi Cola to market Frappuccino.At the same time, the company continues to develop sales in alternative outlets, including foodservice and non-traditional retail sites as United Airlines, Holland America cruise line, Seattle Kingdome, an Alliance with Barnes & Noble bookstores, among others. Stoking the niche for seasonal drinks, Starbucks added caramel apple cider and white chocolate mocha just in time for the holiday and winter months. This years lineup of new summer beverages will be announced in a few weeks.The depart cornerstone of the marketing strategy of Starbucks is clusterin g. The company locates stores within close proximity in the world and it should do it the same way in Russia. Clustering is bonny distinguished because companys objective is to become a household name and it can be reached by fierce expansion and high coverage. Starbucks essential open their doors and be in the Russian market before anyone else. This would give them a great fist-mover advantage. Once consumers experienced Starbucks service, quality coffee, and ambiance of their stores there would be a great switching cost for the consumer to go anywhere else. The success of becoming a household name worldwide is now close to reality.The company received very high profits. However, Schultz measured his success by not compromising Starbucks ideals to maximize profit and was doing it very successfully. To keep up with this expansion Starbucks heart-to-heart three manufacturing plants to relieve itself of the large transportation and storage costs. This decision really improved Star bucks scattering of the product. Starbucks could now distribute faster, fresher, and more product to many more of their stores. The plants also forgoed them to enter the supermarket coffee sales industryin the spring of 1998 and will allow to dominate in the Russian market.To secure the goal of being a household name brand coffee in Russia, Starbucks should choose to implement an expansionary strategy (as they are doing in any other country). Starbucks should use the first-mover element to jump in and gain consumer loyalty. With its fierce expansion, Starbucks should try to open new stores at a rate of more than one per day. This strategy will allow Starbucks to enter a Russian market and win consumer loyalty before anyone else can. After visiting a Starbucks, switching costs for the consumer will be highly high due to the great service and quality that Starbucks can assure. Their decision to open three manufacturing plants to distribute their product more efficiently was essenti al to accomplish this strategy.Prior to these new plants it was difficult and costly to deliver the quality of the product. Starbucks saved a great deal of money by using this new distribution method. They no longer afford to pay for the shipping and storage of the product. With Starbucks expanding globally, the only adjustment they might want to consider is a plant overseas to help distribution there. The decision to enter the supermarket coffee sales market was a huge step for household recognition in USA and they probably should do this in Russia.Two thirds of the worlds coffee is sold in stores for home consumption. Not only will they be able to reach millions of coffee consumers, but also this will ensure a great distribution channel that will help lock out some potential competitors. Consumers can now enjoy great quality coffee at home or by stopping in a local store. This is a key step in ensuring that Starbucks becomes a household brand name. The only adjustment Starbucks must consider is that they are in a new industry with huge competitors such as Maxwell House, Folgers, and many others. Starbucks must make sure that the organization stays with its mission statement.In accomplishing the market development strategy of promoting the companys range of operate to a wider audience the work group fitted to the theory of the Kotler marketing mix. Hence the allocation of the 4 Ps, product, price, place and promotion.Having decided the desired markets that the company would compete in the next step was organising a promotional strategy in these area. Following the apportionment of a marketing compute discussions were held in order to decide the best way of using this allocation. In this idea of market development the company would attempt to sell its range of services to a wider market.Starbucks should conduct a unique promotional strategy in RussiaOnly $300,000 million on advertising annuallyRelies on ubiquity and word of mouthIn comparison, McDonalds spends $3-4 million annually in RussiaNo commercials on TVThe price as regards building contracting is largely decided by the amount of margin to be added to the build up of the estimate for the project. Price is almost evermore considered as being the single most important factor for the client as 99% of contracts are let to the lowest bidder. The setting of the correct price is of enormous importance in marketing some(prenominal) in getting the product accepted by the target market, and in generating sufficient revenue for the organisation.Starbucks pricing policy is also unique. Its expensive. In USA youll pay about $2 for a regular coffee and $3-4 for a specialty one. In the Russian market the numbers will differ but the point will stay the same (expensive).As for place, there is one good phrase about it Starbucks is caffinateing the world (5,689 stores in 28 countries. And the product itself is always been paid high attention by Starbucks. The aroma of our coffee is one of our competitive advantages it is one of our products, says Mr. Hong, manager of Chineese Starbucks division. You cannot have a complete Starbucks experience if you have smoky air. We need to win people over onthe importance of aroma.Nevertheless, before entering the Russian market Starbucks need to realize that there were some pitfalls1.Although Russian marketers evidence the trend of increasing coffee consumption in Russia, more than 50% of population prefer to drink tea and dont like coffee, at all.2.The volume of Russian coffee imports is equal to 100,000 tonnes (2003) and will increase 10-20% per year basing a good economic situation to Russia3.Most Russian coffee drinkers use instant or soluble coffee, with this category accounting for 76 percent of imports.4.Of coffee drinkers, 91 percent drink both coffee and tea with only nine percent drinking only coffee, he said. Coffee drinking is concentrated in European Russia and the south near Turkey and Armenia, which have strong co ffee traditions5.Even with the increase in imports this year, Russias per capita consumption of coffee will only be 650 grams, compared with four kg in Brazil and 10 kg in ScandinaviaHowever, if look at Chinese market, which has like Russian one a history of drinking tea and low level of coffee consumption and see how it all changed after Starbucks entered the market, we may assume that the same situation will repeat with the Russian market because of Starbucks power of brand.In order for Starbucks to become a brand name in Russia, they must not stray from the strategy they set forth in the past. Their commitment to the mission statement, their employees, and expansion is what got them where they are. To stray from these ideals would prove tragic in their goal of world recognition. In order for Starbucks to develop in Russia they must remember the success factors they used in the United States. ShouldStarbucks stay loyal to their own beliefs they can only grow bigger. With stores op ening all the time in new markets, Starbucks greatest challenge is managing its phenomenal growth. Their market is affluent, conscientious and discriminating. They want to know what Starbucks is giving back to the communities they infiltrate and markets they dominate.Starbucks is not a perfect company. But it is a company who has managed to make the sweep to success without compromising key principles of the guiding vision. The voyage ahead is more treacherous. Will Starbucks be able to maintain the integrity of its vision. I hope so.References1.www.starbucks.com2.Kevin pass Keller, The Brand Report Card, Harvard Business Review, 781 (January-February 2000) 147-1573.Ralf Leszinski and Michael V. Marn, Setting Value Not Price, The McKinsey Quarterly, 1 (1997) 99-1154.Paul Betts and put-on Thornhill, Starbucks steams into Italy, Financial Times, October 22, 2000, p. 7. Story is on Starbucks entering the Milan market5.Niraj Dawar and Amitava Chattopadhyay, The new language of emergi ng markets, in Mastering Management, Financial Times, November 13, 2000, pp. 6-76.Ralf Leszinski and Michael V. Marn, Setting Value Not Price, The McKinsey Quarterly, 1 (1997) 99-1157.Olson, Dave. A manic disorder For Coffee Starbucks A Passion For Coffee. Menlo Park Sunset Publishing Corp.,1994, pp. 8, 9, 138.Olson, Dave. Plantation to Cup Starbucks A Passion For Coffee. Menlo Park Sunset Publishing Corp.,1994, pp. 16-19, 22.9.Suicaorich, John and Winster, Stephen. The Coffee Book A Connoisseurs Guide to Gourmet Coffee. London Prentice Hall International, Inc., 1976, pp. 97-10710.Mintz, Sidney W. The changing roles of food in the study of consumption. Consumption and the World of Goods eds. John Brewer and Roy Porter, 261-73. London Routledge, 199311.Jay Belt, Wired Angels Espresso Cafe Hanford, California, February 26, 199912.Rice, Paul D. Market opportunity assessment for Fair Trade Coffee. Prepared for Transfair USA, February 1997

Showing Off (Short Essay)

Essay by Mariss Kaminskis Showing off. Showing off is a way to tell citizenry roughly something good you own or are capable of, for example, do a backflip. In the story, to my way of thinking, Clara did not plant off. But since the teacher said i pile write about showing off, i will write about it. Showing off can be seen everywhere and about everything, for example, sports or even lawn mowing. around people show off to impress someone or scarcely to show how cool and awesome you are.Its almost like bragging but in this case you can really do it not just tell people what you can do. If you want to tell about something amazing you own you can actually show that thing to that person. For example- I have a TV with a 42 inch diagonal. If you come over I can show you. The most common field where you see showing off is sports. Hockey participants show off, football players show off, basketball players show off, all kinds of athletes show off. by and large they show off their skills .Lets take a popular football player Cristiano Ronaldo. He just adores showing off his dribbling skills on the pitch. Most popular basketball player LeBron James. He just loves to shoot the ball in the basket without missing for a long time. Popular hockey player Pavel Datsyuk. Probably the most skilled player ever. He cant live without his skill moves to get pass defenders. So showing off is just a way to look awesome. I dont like those people who show off or brag. But I do own a TV with a 42 inch diagonal I really do

Analyzing Indian Transfer Pricing Regulations: a Case Study

supranational Research diary of finance and economics ISSN 1450-2887 Issue 40 (2010) EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2010 http//www. eurojournals. com/finance. htm Analyzing Indian impart worth Regulations A Case Study Monica Singhania Associate Professor, Faculty of Management Studies (FMS), University of Delhi, India E-mail emailprotected du Abstract The Indian tape drive price regulations excite been enacted with a view to proffer a statutory framework which can lead to computation of reasonable, seemly and equitable profit and appraise in India so that the remuneration chargeable to assess in India do not get diverted elsewhere by altering the prices charged and paid in intra- crowd transactions leading to erosion of Indian task revenue. Any income arising from an world-wide transaction shall be computed having wishing to the branchs aloofness price (ALP).The ALP shall be determined by all(prenominal) of the bring down methods, world the approximately enc hant method. The present paper illustrates the practical aspects of the law regarding conveyance pricing as it exists presently in India with the help of a study study. The relevant rules envisage finis of ALP by applying margins of each comparable guild to the steal base of the enterprise. The regulations further tolerate that, where more than one price is determined by the most appropriate method, the ALP shall be taken to be the arithmetical mean of much(prenominal) prices.An alternative practical approach to arrive at such ALP is to compute the arithmetic mean of margins of comparable companies and apply the same to the appropriate base of the tested caller to determine the ALP. The analysis shows that the mean GP/ gross gross revenue of comparable companies is 33. 71% while that of the PQR India (i. e. , the tested political party) is 44. 20% during the grade ended March 31, 2009 indicating that the prices of global transaction of PQR India conform to the arms lengt h ideal prescribed under the Indian regulations.Further, under family line B, costs recharged by PQR chemical group to PQR India ar accommodated. entirely these costs represent actual substances paid by PQR Group to self-supporting deuce-ace parties and ar recovered from PQR India, on a cost-to-cost stern. Applying the comparable irrepressible price method, these recharges conform to the arms length modular prescribed under the Indian regulations. However, there atomic number 18 some practical problems arising out of the applications of transfer pricing egulations, which lease to be addressed by the appraise administrators as early as manageable. These issues include absence of advance pricing agreements (APA) mechanism in India, data limitations, extremely wide definition of associated enterprises in India, tight penalties, bafflingies encountered while conducting economic analysis/benchmarking and many more. Keywords Transfer determine, Tax laws, International transactions, Arms length price 1. IntroductionThe Indian Transfer set regulations have been enacted with a view to provide a regulatory framework which is capable of computing reasonable, fair and equitable profit and task in India so that the profits chargeable to tax in India do not get diverted elsewhere by altering the prices charged and 204 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 40 (2010) paid in intra-group transactions leading to erosion of Indian tax revenue.Any income arising from an worldwide transaction shall be computed having regard to the arms length price (ALP). The regulations on transfer pricing in India were clearly inevitable and long overdue. The regulations in their present form argon a product of the findings of the Expert Group set up by the Government of India in November 1999 to study global transfer pricing practices and examine the need for such legislation in India. The Indian transfer pricing regulations applicable with per sonnel from April 1, 2001 are largely found on the OECD guidelines.By manipulating a hardly a(prenominal) book entries in the accounts books, multinational corporations are able to transfer huge profits with practically no actual change in the business process. For instance, X Ltd. manucircumstanceures ipods for $ 500 in China, but its US based subsidiary buys it for $ 599, and then sells it for $ 600. By doing this, the companys taxable profit in the US is intimately decreased. At a 30 percent tax rate, the companys tax liability in the US is only 30 cents (i. e. , 30% of $ 1) as compared to $30 (i. . , 30% of $ 100 which should have been the character). The large scale tax rid ofance practices employ by multinational corporations came into public notice when the drug heavyweight MNE, GlaxoSmithKline, agreed to pay the US government $3. 4 billion to settle a long-running transfer pricing dispute over its tax dealings amongst the UK parent company and its American subsidiary . This was the largest settlement of a tax dispute in the US. Multinational corporations derive several benefits from transfer pricing.Since each country has variant tax rates, they can increase their profits with the help of transfer pricing. By lowering prices in countries where tax rates are high and raising them in countries with a lower tax rate, such organizations can reduce their overall tax burden, thereby boosting their overall profits. Indeed one often finds that corporations located in high tax countries in fact pay very little corporate taxes. Transfer pricing features exceedingly on the agenda of Indian tax government.The transfer pricing assessments relating to the first twain years since the introduction of the Transfer Pricing regulations have seen incremental tax entreatys arising from transfer pricing adjustments in redundant of US$ 800 million. The first round of transfer pricing audits in India of roughly 800 taxpayers resulted in 25% facing adjustments. Th e cumulative value of those adjustments aggregated US$ ccc million. In the following year, according to estimates, tax demands in excess of US$ 500 million were imposed as a result of upward adjustments.In this connection, the Indian tax authorities had initially set a very conservative threshold for audit INR 50 million (around USD 1 million) for the first quaternity years. This threshold has been enhanced thrice with effect from the fiscal year 2005-06. The Indian tax authorities have also set up a alter group for parturiency transfer pricing audits and have begun using confidential comparable data for audit purposes. Scrutiny of overall profitableness as wellhead as transactional aim pricing during the course of transfer pricing audits is also frequently done. 2. Theoretical FrameworkThe role of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in world flip has increased dramatically over the last 20 years. This reflects the increased integration of national economies and technological pr ogress. Intercompany transactions across borders are growing rapidly and are becoming much more complex. Compliance with the un like requirements of multiple overlapping tax jurisdictions is a complex and time-consuming task. At the same time, tax authorities from each jurisdiction impose stricter penalties, new documentation requirements, increased nurture exchange and increased audit or inspection activity.With a view to provide a detailed statutory framework which can lead to computation of reasonable, fair and equitable profits and tax in India, in the case of such multinational enterprises, the Finance Act, 2001 substituted the then existing theatrical role 92 with sections 92A to 92F in the Income-tax Act, 1961, relating to computation of income from an international transaction having regard to the arms length price, meaning of associated enterprise, meaning of learning and documents by persons entering into international transactions and definitions of certain expression s occurring in the said section (see Appendix I for summary of Indian Transfer Pricing Regulations). The requirement International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 40 (2010) 205 documentation which needs to be maintained for complying with these provisions as also the penalties for inadvertence in compliance are given in Appendix I. As per the Indian Regulations, the comparable data to be used in analyzing the equality of an uncontrolled transaction with an international transaction should be the data relating to the financial year in which the international transaction has been entered into.However, data relating to a gunpoint not being more than two years former to such financial year may also be considered if such data reveals facts, which could have an influence on the determination of the transfer price in telling to the transactions being compared. The Arms length principle (ALP) aims at determining whether the parties to a transaction are nonsymbiotic an d are on an equal footing. The OECD framework as per Article 9 of the OECD Model Tax Convention ensures that the transfer prices between companies of multinational enterprises are established on a merchandise value basis, avoiding profits being systematically deviated to lowest tax countries. It provides the legal framework for governments to have their fair share of taxes, and for enterprises to avoid double taxation on their profits. The primary onus of proving the arms length character of a transaction lies with the taxpayer.If during assessment proceedings, the tax authorities, on the basis of material or cultivation or documents in their possession, are of the opinion that the arms length price was not applied, or adequate and train documents/ information/ data were not maintained/ produced, the total income may be recomputed accordingly afterward giving the taxpayer an opportunity of being heard. 3. Literature Review in that location are numerous studies relating to tran sfer pricing in transactions taking place in developed countries1. This is primarily due to, the detailed statistical information relating to intra-firm trade made available in most of the developed countries, besotted laws requiring greater transparency, and so on In comparison, the availability of intra-firm trade data in ontogeny countries is highly inadequate2. In addition, there is no systematic attempt in growth countries, to collect and analyze relevant data in one information repository database leading to multiple uses of such organized information.This is the case even though such information may in many cases exist with different government organizations, legal and administrative authorities and private business organizations engaged in creation of such databases for commercial reasons. This disjointed effort to data collection leads to multiple problems in undertaking quality research studies. It also highlights complete lack of coordination between policies, procedu res and their practical application. Also the lack of any government sponsored studies, like those in Colombo, Greece and Sri Lanka, may be the reason why not many transfer pricing studies are undertaken in such countries.In United Kingdom, the transfer pricing rules were formulated as early as in 1915 (Payan and Wilkie (19933). However, there was little pressure on such rules until mid 1960s when the revival of international trade and investment following World War II began. As far as United States is concerned, even before the non-traditional methods of transfer pricing were added to section 482, Schindler and Henderson (1985)4 pointed out, Inter-corporate transfer pricing under the scope of code section 482 is one of the most complex areas of international taxation. The non-traditional methods further added to complexity. The OECDs Transfer Pricing Guidelines (1995)5, based on guidelines first issued in 1979, 1. Lall S. 1973), Transfer Pricing by Multinational Manufacturing Firm s, Oxford Bulletin of Economics & Statistics, Vol. 35(3), pp. 173-95. 2 Bhagwati J. N. (1974), On the Under Invoicing of Imports, Fiscal Polices of the Faking of Foreign apportion Declarations of the Balance of Payments, in Bhagwati (ed. ), Illegal Transactions in International mass, North Holland Publishing Co. 3 Pagan, Jill C. and J. Scott Wilkie, (1993) Transfer Pricing Strategy in a global Economy, Amsterdam IBFD Publications. 4 Schindler, Geunter and David Henderson (1985), Intercorporate Transfer Pricing 1985 Survey of Section 482 Audits, Tax Notes, Vol. 29, pp. 1171-77. 5 OECD (1995, as updated). Transfer Pricing Guidelines (Paris OECD). 206International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 40 (2010) largely influence international practice with regard to transfer pricing. The Indian transfer pricing regulations, introduced in 2001, are to an extent modeled on the OECD guidelines. Li (2003)6 describes the methods of transfer pricing by way of an international c omparison involving six countries namely, China, Hong Kong, Japan, Canada, United States and Singapore. Ring (2000)7 explains the methodology of undertaking Advance Pricing mechanisms whereby both the tax payers as well as tax administrators agree in advance on the methodology to be used to determine transfer prices in order to avoid unnecessary litigation.Lall (1979)8 highlights the need of a laid back attitude towards transfer pricing in develop countries so as to remain an attractive investment destination in the form of foreign direct investment. R. Murray 19819 studied the mechanism by which international tax avoidance is achieved. These mechanisms include general manipulations as well as specific manipulations to items in the profit and loss account and balance sheet. Baistrocchi (2004)10 explains the administrative inexperience of developing countries in implementing transfer pricing rules. Mo (2003)11 gives instances of manipulation of transfer prices and steps taken to com bat it in China, India, Brazil and Mexico.UN Survey (1999)12 reveals that in developing countries active 61 per cent respondents felt that the domestic multinational enterprises were engaged in income shifting and 84 per cent believed that foreign enterprises were doing so. In addition, 70 per cent and 87 per cent, respectively, of these countries thought the problem to be evidentiary. Newlon (2000)13 notes the tendency of MNCs to over idea income in jurisdictions that impose heavy penalties. Mitchell (2004)14 treats worldwide taxation as a form of tax harmonization. According to his view, tax harmonization is categorically undesirable because taxpayers are unable to benefit from better tax policy in other nations and governments are insulated from market discipline. 4. PQR India Case Study Design and Analysis Global Tax Consultants Pvt. Ltd. ave been engaged by PQR India to review the transfer pricing arrangements for international transactions with its associated enterprises du ring the year ended March 31, 2009 on the terms set out in the engagement letter. The objective of this paper is to establish whether the international transactions between PQR India and its associated enterprises baffle to the arms length principle, embodied in the Indian Transfer Pricing Regulations of the Indian Income-Tax Act, 1961(see Appendix I) and in addition look to the Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations published by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and schooling for further guidance in applying the arms length stock(a). 6Li, Jinyan (2003), International Taxation in the Age of Electronic Commerce A Comparative Study (Toronto Canadian tax Foundation). 7 Ring, Diane M. (2000). On the Frontier of Procedural revolution Advance Pricing Agreements and the Struggle to Allocate Income for Cross Border Taxation, land mile Journal of International Law, Vol. 21 (winter) pp. 143-234. 8 Lall, Sanjaya. (1979). Transfer Pricing and Developing Countries some(prenominal) Problems of Investigation, World Development, Vol. 7 Issue 1 (January), pp. 59-71. 9 Murray R. Editor (1981), Multinationals Beyond the Market Intra-firm Trade and the Control of Transfer Pricing, London Harvester pack together Brighton, pp. 119-32. 10 Baistrocchi, Eduardo. (2004). The Arms Length Standard in the twenty-first Century A Proposal for both Developed and Developing Countries. Tax Notes International, Vol. 36 No. 3 (October 18), pp. 241-255. 11 Mo, Phyllis Lai Lan. (2003) Tax Avoidance and Anti-avoidance Measures in Major Developing Economies (Westport, Conn. Praeger), pp. 207. 12 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (1999), Transfer Pricing. (New York). 13 Newlon, T. Scott. (2000). Transfer Pricing and Income Shifting in integrate Economies, in Sijbren Cnossen, editor, Taxing Capital Income in the European Union Issues and Options for Reform (Oxford Oxford University Press), pp. 214-42. 14 Mitchell, Daniel J. (2004). The Economics of Tax tilt Harmonization vs.Liberalization, in 2004 Index of Economic Freedom, Marc Miles, et al. , editors, (Washington hereditary pattern Foundation), Chapter 2. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 40 (2010) 4. 1. Company Profile 207 PQR Group, the States deals in design, manufacture and marketing of the state of the art photocopier machines. In addition, it also offers document management solutions, one-to-one marketing expertise and efficiency management service for confused organizations in the United States and internationally. PQR India is a wholly-owned subsidiary of PQR Group, USA. PQR India commences business of import and resale of photocopier machines imported from PQR Group during the financial year 200809.The development of the arms length price in this analysis recognizes that PQR India is a distributor of photocopier machines in India and is exposed to ordinary risk profile associated with such company of busines ses. PQR India, leverages on all the valuable intellectual lieu rights (knowhow, copyrights etc. ) and other commercial or marketing related intangibles (brand names, trademarks etc. ) owned by PQR Group. Based on the functional analysis, PQR India has relatively less complicated trading operations and as such bears relatively lesser share of risks and is accordingly selected as the tested party for the purpose of carrying out the economic analysis as part of determination of transfer price on the basis of arms length principle. 4. 2.Industry Overview As per the Indian Regulations (see Appendix 1), every person who has entered into an international transaction shall keep and maintain interalia, the information and documents giving a broad description of the pains in which the assessee operates. The Indian Regulations also prescribe that the comparability of an international transaction with an uncontrolled transaction shall be judged with reference to the conditions prevailing i n the markets in which the respective parties to the transactions operate. Hence, for the purposes of the transfer pricing analysis a countrywide overview of the industry is essential. Industry overview essentially consists of industry background, evolution of industry, characteristics of marketing, emerging industry trends, key drivers, key inhibitors and future outlook for the industry. 4. 3.Functional Analysis As per the Indian Regulations, every person who has entered into an international transaction shall keep and maintain inter alia, a description of the functions performed, risks assumed and assets employed or to be employed by the assessee and by the associated enterprises involved in the international transaction. A functional analysis enables mapping of the economically relevant facts and characteristics of transactions between associated enterprises with regard to their functions, assets and risks. Hence a functional analysis facilitates characterization of the associat ed enterprises and assists in establishing a degree of comparability with similar transactions in uncontrolled conditions. 4. 3. 1. Functions performed by PQR Group PQR Group, USA deals in design, manufacture and marketing of the state of the art photocopier machines.In addition, it also offers document management solutions, one-to-one marketing expertise and efficiency management services for various organizations in the United States and internationally. In addition, it has a massive research and development center. 4. 3. 2. Functions performed by PQR India PQR India is engaged in the business of import and resale of photocopier machines imported from PQR Group. To understand the functions performed by PQR India, it is important to have an overview of the transactions taking place, which are depicted below Transactions classified as course of instruction A Import of finished goods by PQR India and thereafter wholesale distribution by PQR India 208International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 40 (2010) Transactions classified as course of study B Cos recharges are PQR Group from PQR India Functions performed by PQR India under Category A PQR India, as a wholesale distributor performs a variety of functions including sales, marketing, after sales support, etc. Category B Cost recharges Under Category B transactions, cost-to-cost recharges on account of certain expenses incurred by PQR Group on behalf of PQR India are included. Assets employed Any business requires assets (tangible or intangible) without which it cannot carry out its activities. Intangibles play a significant role in the functioning of a business and are accordingly more important.An understanding of the assets employed and owned by PQR India provides an insight into the resources deployed by PQR India and their contribution to the business processes/economic activities of PQR India. Tangibles owned by PQR India It includes electrical installations, furniture and fixture, o ffice equipments and computer hardware. Intangibles PQR India being a relatively new company does not own any significant intangibles and does not undertake any significant research and development on its own account that leads to the development of non-routine intangibles. PQR India uses the trademarks, process, know-how, technical data, software, operating/quality measures etc. developed/owned by PQR Group. All companies of the group leverage from these intangibles for continued growth in revenues and profits. . 4. Overview of Inter-Company Transactions PQR India engages in the following inter-company transactions with its associated enterprises Import of finished goods, import of spare parts and consumables and cost recharges. The higher up transactions have been grouped together in two classes namely Category A and Category B which have been separately analyzed from a transfer pricing perspective. 4. 5. survival of the fittest of Tested Party The tested party is the participan t in the controlled transaction whose profit attributable to the controlled transaction can be verified using the most reliable data and requiring the fewest and most reliable adjustments. In ost cases, the tested party is the least complex of the controlled taxpayers, that is, the taxpayer with the least amount of risk associated with its operations and without valuable intangibles or unique assets that may distinguish it from potential uncontrolled comparable companies. Based on the above, PQR India is clearly the tested party for purposes of this analysis. It does not own an interest in any of the valuable know-how, patents, brand names and trademarks owned by the PQR Group. PQR Group, on the other hand, may own valuable intellectual property rights including commercial and marketing intangibles. Therefore, the comparability adjustments that would be infallible if independent organizations were to be selected as tested parties, would be both substantial and unreliable. 4. 6.The closely Appropriate Method The most appropriate method is that method which, under the facts and circumstances of the transaction under review, provides the most reliable measure of an arms length result. In determining the reliability of a method, the two most important factors that need to be taken into consideration are (i) the degree of comparability between the controlled and uncontrolled transactions and (ii) the coverage and reliability of the available data. Because the selection of the most appropriate method involves a test of relative merit, a method that may not be perfect is not rejected unless some other method can be shown to be more reliable or clearly indicating to provide a better estimate of an arms length result.International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 40 (2010) 209 Selection of the close to Appropriate Method Comparable Uncontrolled Price Method (CUP) In practice, there are two types of comparable uncontrolled transactions. The first, kno wn as an ingrained comparable, is a transaction between one of the parties to the controlled transaction and an uncorrelated third party. The second, known as an external comparable, is a transaction between two unrelated third parties. There are no internal CUPs available for all products imported by PQR India to benchmark its transactions under Category A. PQR India is engaged in import of finished goods and spares consumables for resale in India under Category A (all related to photocopier machines). However, PQR India does not purchase same/similar products from entities other than associated enterprises. Further, during the year, until the commencement of commercial operations by PQR India, overseas group entities sold some similar products to a third party in India. The third party was a Tier-II distributor of PQR Group whereas PQR India acts as a Tier-I distributor. In this way due to unavailability of adequate data to make suitable adjustments to account for the aforesaid differences, it was considered inappropriate to use the third party as an internal comparable in the present case.Therefore, CUP method was not considered for the purpose of ascertaining an arms length price for the international transactions of PQR India under Category A. As for external comparables, it may be highlighted that the arms length price as far as uncontrolled enterprises are concerned, is easily dependent upon factors such as volume, contractual terms, location differences, etc. It may not be possible to estimate with reasonable reliability and accuracy, the combined effect of such factors on per unit prices in case of external comparables. Further, abstract factors such as use of intangibles make the use of CUP method difficult for benchmarking purposes.In view of the above, there are no external comparables available, which may be considered sufficiently appropriate to warrant the use of the CUP method for Category A transactions of PQR India. However, in case of tra nsactions in the nature of costs recharges by PQR Group to PQR India, included under Category B, the third party cost reimbursed is a CUP for the reimbursement. Keeping in view the nature of transaction and the degree of comparability, CUP was considered as the most appropriate method for this class of transactions. Consequently other methods were not considered. Cost positivistic Method (CPM) PQR India is a distributor. It imports the finished products, spares and consumables from the Group companies (all related to photocopier machines) and resells them in the domestic market.In this way, in this case PQR India carries out the function of a pure reseller. Since RPM is most appropriate in cases involving the purchase and resale of tangible goods, this method was considered as the most appropriate method for deriving the arms length price of PQR India under Category A. The application of CPM is ordinarily appropriate in two situations, the provision of services to a related party a nd the manufacture of tangible goods that are sold to a related party. PQR India on the other hand, operates as a distributor under Category A. Accordingly, CPM was not considered as the most appropriate method for deriving the arms length price for Category A transactions of PQR India. earn unconnected Method (PSM) PSM is typically applied where each party to the transaction under evaluation has significant intangible assets and/or the operations of the parties to the transaction are highly integrated and cannot be evaluated on a separate basis. Also, in general, the PSM relies primarily on the internal data and assumptions pertaining to each party to the controlled transaction instead of relying on comparable uncontrolled transactions as market benchmarks, thus making the use of the PSM ordinarily less reliable than the other methods. PQR India does not own any non-routine intangibles and further the operations of PQR India can be independently evaluated.Therefore, PSM was not co nsidered as the most appropriate method for deriving the arms length price of PQR Indias international transactions under Category A. Transactional Net Margin Method (TNMM) Net profits may however, be influenced by some factors that both do not have an effect or have less substantial or direct effect on gross margins. Such factors in the case of PQR India include several 210 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 40 (2010) extraneous factors which have been in the later save up up. The losses made by the Company at the operating level, in the current financial year, is a result of these factors.The reasons for loss at operating level under Category A were a) First year of operations and b) Acquisition of mailing business. These additional expenses incurred by the company during the year adversely walloped its profitability at the operating level. However, these expenses were necessary business expenses which had to be incurred in the first year of operatio ns. Given the aforementioned state of affairs, in order to ensure fair comparison of the operating profitability of the company with comparable companies in the industry, one would need to make suitable economic adjustments to appropriately take into account the impact of the aforesaid acquisition of new business by the company.Conclusions of the Most Appropriate Method After reviewing all of the transfer pricing methods, we recommend given the fact and circumstances, the RPM provides the most reliable measure of an arms length result for Category A transactions of PQR India. CUP has been selected as the most appropriate method for the international transactions undertaken by PQR India under Category B. 4. 7. Search for Uncontrolled Comparables Databases The two most popular and widely recognized corporate databases (i. e. , Powers & Capitaline) to cite potential uncontrolled comparables for PQR India transactions under Category A. The primarily focus was on intrepidity and additi onal companies were considered Capitaline Plus, i. e. , companies for which data was not available in the prowess database.Selection of time period As per the Indian Regulations, the data to be used in analyzing the comparability of an uncontrolled transaction with an international transaction shall be the data relating to the financial year in which the international transaction has been entered into. However, data relating to a period not being more than two years prior to such financial year may also be considered if such data reveals facts which could have an influence on the determination of the transfer price in relation to the transactions being compared. The present analysis involves data analysis of companies from both databases only if they had relevant financial data for at least two out of the three financial years ending during the period April 1, 2006 and March 31, 2009.This has been done in order to eliminate, to the maximum extent possible, any variance in results c aused by short-term differences in business cycles, product life cycles or business strategies of individual companies. Search Process Our comparable search strategy determine Indian independent distributors whose functions, assets and risks were broadly comparable to those of PQR India under Category A. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 40 (2010) Search from Prowess Criteria for selection hit number of companies whose information is available on Prowess as on March 31, 2009 Number of companies having positive sales and ratio of sales trading to sales of more than 40% over the relevant time period under consideration were selected so as to capture all possible traders available in Prowess Number of companies herein sales trading as a percentage of sales was higher than 75% were short listed, in order to eliminate companies that were primarily not engaged in trading activity Selection of only those companies with a positive net worth soft Analysis, to eliminate companies operating in industries other than electronics, electrical machinery and miscellaneous distributors and to eliminate controlled/controlling companies 211 No. of Companies achieving the criterion 12,994 1,050 565 496 5 Search from Capitaline Plus Criteria for selection Total number of companies whose information is available on Capitaline Plus as on March 31, 2009 Identified additional companies with positive sales over the time period under consideration were selected i. e. companies for which information was primarily not available in Prowess database Selected companies classified in the Electronics, Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles, Electrical machinery other than electronics and Non-electrical machinery industries Selection of only those companies with a positive net worth Qualitative Analysis, to eliminate companies not engaged in trading activities in the same/ similar industry segment and to eliminate controlled/controlling companies. No. of companies ac hieving the criterion 8,160 1,650 228 86 2 Finally, at the end of the above described search process from both the databases, we were leave with 7 comparable companies for benchmarking Category A transactions of PQR India. 4. 8.Choice of a Profit Level Indicator (PLI) The application of RPM requires the selection of an appropriate Profit Level Indicator (PLI). The PLI measures the relationship between (i) profits and (ii) any costs incurred, revenues earned, or assets employed. A variety of PLIs can be used. Factors relevant to the selection of the appropriate profit level indicator include the reliability of the available data and the extent to which the profit level indictor takes into account costs that would be considered by independent parties. Gross Profit Margin is the ratio of Gross Profit to gross sales (GP/Sales) and was selected to reliably measure the income of PQR India that it would have earned had it dealt with uncontrolled parties at arms length under Category A. 4. 9.Determination of Arms Length Results The Indian Regulations require that the Arms Length Price (ALP) in relation to an international transaction shall be determined by any of the prescribed methods (CUP, RPM, CPM, TNMM and PSM), being the most appropriate method. All methods other than CUP are methods that enable determination of ALP on the basis of respective margins earned by comparable uncontrolled companies. The relevant rules envisage determination of ALP by applying margins of each comparable company to the appropriate base of the enterprise. The regulations further provide that, where more than one price is determined by the most 212 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 40 (2010) ppropriate method, the ALP shall be taken to be the arithmetical mean of such prices. An alternative practical approach to arrive at such ALP could be to compute the arithmetic mean of margins of comparable companies and apply the same to the appropriate base of PQR Ind ia to determine the ALP. Arms Length Results S. No. 1 2 3 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Name of the Company X1 India Ltd. X2 India Ltd. X3 India Ltd. X4 India Ltd. X5 India Ltd. X6 India Ltd. X7 India Ltd. Mean Median Upper Quartile Lower Quartile Data Source Prowess Prowess Prowess Prowess Prowess Capitaline Plus Capitaline Plus GP/Sales (%) 30. 00 40. 00 35. 00 28. 00 22. 00 45. 0 36. 00 33. 71 35 38. 00 29. 00 The above analysis shows that the mean GP/Sales of comparable companies under Category A is 33. 71%. Hence, prices of international transactions of PQR India under Category A, that achieve GP/Sales of 33. 71% or more would conform to the arms length standard prescribed under the Indian regulations. The financial results of PQR India indicate that the company has GP/Sales of 44. 20% during the year ended March 31, 2009. For Category A transactions, GP/Sales of PQR India are higher than the mean GP/Sales of comparable companies. Further, under Category B, costs recharged by PQR G roup to PQR India are included.All these costs represent actual amounts paid by PQR Group to independent third parties and are recovered from PQR India, on a cost-to-cost basis. Applying the CUP method, these recharges conform to the arms length standard prescribed under the Indian regulations. The above analysis provides evidence that both the pricing basis itself of international transactions of PQR India during the financial year 2008-09 and the outcome of the pricing i. e. , the profitability were in accordance with the Arms Length standard prescribed under the Indian Transfer Pricing Regulations. 5. Summary and Recommendations The regulations on transfer pricing in India were indeed inevitable and long overdue.The case study of PQR India clearly demonstrates the computation procedure required to be followed for scientifically determining the arms length price as per the provisions of transfer pricing in India. The analysis shows that the mean GP/Sales of comparable companies is 33. 71% while that of the PQR India (i. e. , the tested party) is 44. 20% during the year ended March 31, 2009 indicating that the prices of international transaction of PQR India conform to the arms length standard prescribed under the Indian regulations. Further, under Category B, costs recharged by PQR Group to PQR India are included. All these costs represent actual amounts paid by PQR Group to independent third parties and are recovered from PQR India, on a cost-to-cost basis.Applying the comparable uncontrolled price method, these recharges conform to the arms length standard prescribed under the Indian regulations. However, there are some practical problems arising out of the applications of transfer pricing regulations, which need to be addressed by the tax administrators as early as possible. These issues include absence of advance pricing agreements (APA) mechanism in India, data limitations, extremely wide definition of associated enterprises in India, stringent penaltie s, difficulties encountered while conducting economic analysis/benchmarking and many more. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 40 (2010) 213 References 1 Baistrocchi, Eduardo. (2004). The Arms Length Standard in the 21st Century A Proposal for both Developed and Developing Countries. Tax Notes International, Vol. 36 No. 3 (October 18), pp. 241-255. Bhagwati J. N. (1974), On the Under Invoicing of Imports, Fiscal Polices of the Faking of Foreign Trade Declarations of the Balance of Payments, in Bhagwati (ed. ), Illegal Transactions in International Trade, North Holland Publishing Co. Lall S. (1973), Transfer Pricing by Multinational Manufacturing Firms, Oxford Bulletin of Economics & Statistics, Vol. 35(3) pp. 173-95. Lall, Sanjaya. (1979). Transfer Pricing and Developing Countries Some Problems of Investigation, World Development, Vol. Issue 1 (January), pp. 59-71. Li, Jinyan (2003), International Taxation in the Age of Electronic Commerce A Comparative S tudy, Toronto Canadian tax Foundation. Mo, Phyllis Lai Lan. (2003), Tax Avoidance and Anti-avoidance Measures in Major Developing Economies, Westport, Conn. Praeger, pp. 207. Mitchell, Daniel J. (2004), The Economics of Tax Competition Harmonization vs. Liberalization, in 2004 Index of Economic Freedom, Marc Miles, et al. , editors, Washington Heritage Foundation, Chapter 2. Murray R. Editor (1981), Multinationals Beyond the Market Intra-firm Trade and the Control of Transfer Pricing, London Harvester Press Brighton, pp. 119-32.Newlon, T. Scott. (2000), Transfer Pricing and Income Shifting in Integrating Economies, in Sijbren Cnossen, editor, Taxing Capital Income in the European Union Issues and Options for Reform (Oxford Oxford University Press), pp. 214-42. OECD (1995, as updated). Transfer Pricing Guidelines (Paris OECD). Pagan, Jill C. and J. Scott Wilkie (1993), Transfer Pricing Strategy in a Global Economy, Amsterdam IBFD Publications. Ring, Diane M. (2000). On the Frontier of Procedural Innovation Advance Pricing Agreements and the struggle to allocate Income for Cross Border Taxation, Michigan Journal of International Law, Vol. 21 (winter), pp. 143-234.Schindler, Geunter and David Henderson (1985), Inter corporate Transfer Pricing 1985 Survey of Section 482 Audits, Tax Notes, Vol. 29, pp. 1171-77. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (1999). Transfer Pricing (New York). 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 214 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue 40 (2010) Appendix I Indian Transfer Pricing Regulations healthy Position The Finance Act 2001 introduced with effect from assessment year 2002-2003, detailed Transfer Pricing regulations vide section 92 to 92F of the Income Tax Act, 1961. The Central Board of maneuver Taxes (CBDT) has come out with Transfer Pricing Rules Rule 10A to Rule 10E.Applicability Transfer pricing provisions are applicable based on fulfilment of two conditions Firstly, there must be an internatio nal transaction. Secondly, such an international transaction must be between two or more associated enterprises, either or both of whom are non-residents. Pricing Method permitted Arms Length Price is to be determined by adopting any one of the following methods, being the most appropriate method Comparable Uncontrolled Price method, Resale Price Method, Cost Plus Method, Profit Split Method, Transaction Net Margin Method, or any other method prescribed by the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT). Documentation/Return 13 different types of documents are required to be maintained.These include 1) Enterprise-wise documents-Description of the enterprise, relationship with other associated enterprises, nature of business carried out. 2) Transaction-specific documents-Information regarding each transaction, description of the functions performed, assets employed and risks assumed by each party to the transaction, Economic & Market Analysis etc. 3) Computation related documents-Describe in details the method considered, actual working assumptions, policies etc. , adjustment made to transfer price, any other relevant information, data, documents relied for determination of arms Length price etc. A report from a Chartered Accountant in the prescribed form giving details of transactions is required to be submitted within a specific time limit.punishment Penalty for concealment of income or furnishing inaccurate particulars thereof100% to 300% of the tax sought to be evaded. Penalty for failure to keep and maintain information and documents in respect of International transaction2% of the value of each international transaction Penalty for failure to furnish report under section 92E- Rs. 1,00,000. OECD Guideline No reference to OECD guidelines under Indian Transfer Pricing regulations No provisions regarding Advance Pricing Agreements Advance Pricing Agreement under Indian law as of now Government web-link www. incometaxindia. gov. in Source OECD Transfer Pricing Count ry Profilehttp//www. oecd. org/dataoecd/9/4/42236399. pdf

Week Two Supervision Homework

Satisfied employees, however, refers to a feeling when they have completed a job or something that feels that they have done their job well. Either side of the tune will somehow make money, promotion and/or will get benefits. Theyre closely related that job satisfaction asshole be a pauperization and/or they do it for the money, promotion and/or benefits but their satisfaction will come naturally. 2. Briefly discuss several specific actions that supervisors bunghole take to correct employee motivation. No matter how big or small the company, motivating the team is really important to business.When people lose their motivation can create little productive, less of an asset to the business. Either way, employees motivation will affect the overall success in a company. Praising them when theyre doing well is probably the most roughhewn and most effective as a motivation factor. Providing opportunities for growth such as adding responsibilities or challenges. 3. Explain why many m anagers frequently raise the succeeding(a) questions Why didnt you do what I told you to do? Managers have higher position than the employees being managed.Therefore, they have the privilege to make decisions and to say something like Why didnt you do what I told you to do? They are more experience and probably have the education to uphold the position. Since they are more experience and probably been there long-lived than the employees, they have gotten use to the methods they have been using. Some just dont have the time to change the nature in workplace, why change something that is not broken. Or by chance because some managers has a superiority complex and thinks that the way he wants something done is the best way. 4.Discuss the following statement Meanings are in people, not in words. This can be explained in a lot of ways but I believe that Meanings is a personal preference. Just like the bible, it can be see differently from other religion and culture even though the words are exactly the same. Dont assume people know what you mean when you tell them something. The sum is something that will depend on their own experiences, what was learnt by others. People is what gives words meaning.. Hopefully that made any sense but this is how I believe it can actually interpreted.

Economic inequality Essay

Application and evaluation questionCandidates are required to demonstrate understanding of colloidal suspension by applying the data given over to assess the change in level of so in Singapore. They are also required to identify limitations of data given in assessing non-material aspect of soh and suggest possible indicators to provide a more(prenominal) comprehensive measurement of SOL in Singapore.Schematic Plan (to be done in 2-3 minutes) thought ProcessIntroduction (GIST)Define SOL, provide an overview of the essayProvide the thesis Show how the data given support a arise SOL give out how economic growth slew translate to rising SOL break down how a low inflation rate is necessary for increasing SOLAnalyse how the creation of more jobs buns lead to a rising SOLProvide the anti-thesis why the non-material SOL should be ensured and analyse how stress level piece of tail affect non-material SOLAnalyse how income disparity can affect the SOL of Singaporean de go against evidence of economic growthAnalyse how negative externalities can affect the non-material SOLReiterate your stand and concludeGeneral Statement (Key idea)Interpretation (Definitions, clarify concepts / question)Scope (Set up directions for the answer)sTand (State the stand)Standard of living (SOL) is a measure of the welfare of a populace. It is comprised of material aspects such as quantity of goods and services consumed and non-material aspects such as amount of leisure time and access to necessities of life.To nail down whether the standard of living in Singapore has been rising over the years, it is necessary to examine changes in both the material and non-material aspects. While the information given in the preamble seems to suggest an improvement in the material aspect, there is a lack of information to prove that there is a corresponding improvement in the non-material aspect. Nonetheless, given the positive data in the preamble and taking into account the governments const ant effort to improve the non-material aspect, such as befoulment level, we can reasonably conclude that the standard of living in Singapore has been increasing to a large extent.Body (PEEL)PEEL 1State the conduct (P)As mentioned in the preamble, the Singapore economy grew by 9.2% in the third quarter, this is samely to lead to an improvement in the material well beingof Singaporean in general.Explain the full point with clear causal links (E)Elaborate the point with examples (E)The 9.2% economic growth in the third quarter of 1993 means that corporeal Gross Domestic Product in third quarter of 1993 emergenced by 9.2% over the previous year. Since GDP is the total value of the final proceeds produced within a country, this would meant that national output and thereof national income gaind by 9.2%. This increase means people are enjoying more income which allows them to purchase more goods and services to satisfy their wants. For example, now more people can afford to buy l uxury goods such as cars. tie-up back to Question (L)This increases their welfare and hence the SOL increases.PEEL 2State the Point (P)As mentioned in the preamble, the inflation is low at the rate of 2.4% per annum, this is likely to translate to an increase in material standard of living.Explain the point with clear causal links (E)Elaborate the point with examples (E)As discussed above, the economy grew at 9.2% and that would translate to high income for the intermediate consumer. A low inflation rate of 2.4% ensures that the increase in the income of the average consumer is higher than the increase in the prices of the goods and services he consumes. As such, for the average consumer, his real purchasing power increases and he is able to consume more goods and services as compared to before. attach back to Question (L)This means that his welfare and SOL is improved.PEEL 3State the Point (P)As mentioned in the preamble, 19000 jobs were created, this is likely to lead to an im provement in SOL for Singaporeans.Explain the point with clear causal links (E)Elaborate the point with examples (E)With the creation of these 19000 job opportunities, many previously unemployed naturalizeers would be able to find jobs and start to earn an income. These people who were previously unemployed would now be able to afford more goods and services, such as more meals or entertainment in clubs, with the income they now earn and hence enjoy a higher material standard of living.At the same time, as unemployment rate goes down, the labour market becomes increasingly saturated and companies may be willing to pay a higher wage to attract workers. With a higher wage, workers are now able to consume more goods and services than before.Link back to Question (L)As such, the welfare and SOL of the average Singaporean is likely to improve.PEEL 4State the Point (P)However, it is insufficient to only come across at the material aspect to determine if the SOL in Singapore has been rising over the years. It is also necessary to examine changes in the non-material SOL for a comprehensive analysis of the level of SOL in Singapore. One possible indicator would be the stress level of the average Singapore worker.Explain the point with clear causal links (E)Elaborate the point with examples (E)The high economic growth of 9.2% reported in the preamble could have come about as a result of longer working hours. For instance, there is an increasing number of 24 hour coffeeshop in Singapore and existing employees are paid to work longer hours. As workers work longer hours to produce more goods and services, they experience a higher level of stress. At the same time, majority of the 19000 jobs created might be in the sales and retail sector where the stress to perform is extremely high. As such, the stress level of Singaporean may have gone up.Link back to Question (L) / EvaluationIf the stress level of the average Singaporean worker has increased over the years, then th e non-material SOL, and hence the overall SOL, of the average Singaporean may have worsened. However, to address that, the government has been encouraging companies to have a healthy work-life balance to promote families togetherness. Work days for most companies have been throttle to 5 days week. As such, it is likely that the increase in stress level is limited and the average Singaporean still enjoy a rising overall SOL.PEEL 5State the Point (P)Another possible way to examine whether the average Singaporeans SOL has risen is to examine whether the gains from the economic growth is distributed equitably.Explain the point with clear causal links (E)Elaborate the point with examples (E)If the income disparity has widened, it would mean most people gained lessbenefits from the economic growth while the rich gained the most. This would mean the income of the majority has changed little and hence their welfare increase is limited or negligible. Hence on the whole, the SOL may be unch anged or has even decreased in an extreme case.Link back to Question (L) / EvaluationOn further analysis, this may be an unlikely scenario for Singapore. The government has had attempt to close the income gap through financial benefits such as GST credits and fundings for Comcare, the Edusave merit bursary and the likes to ensure the poor s finances are enhanced. In fact, recently the income disparity in Singapore has eased according to the Gini coefficient which assigns a value of 1 to the most unequal income distribution and 0 to the most equal. Singapore currently hovers around 0.430. As such, it is likely that most Singaporean would be able to enjoy the fruits of the economic growth and experience an increase in SOL.PEEL 6State the Point (P)Finally, it is also important to examine the intrusion of negative externalities in assessing the change in the non-material SOL of Singaporeans over this period.Explain the point with clear causal links (E)Elaborate the point with examples (E)It is possible that more pollution and traffic congestion may have arrived cod to the increase in national production (hence output). These increase in negative externalities worsens the living environment and exacts a cost (in the form of healthcare cost) for example on the people. Hence the net benefits from the economic growth may be eroded.Link back to Question (L) / EvaluationHowever, the government of Singapore has had a track magnetic disk of developing a clean and conducive living environment for all. It has strict laws on pollution and efficient policies on tracking traffic congestion like ERP and promoting public transport. Hence a rise in social costs is unlikely to be significant compared to countries such as China and Thailand. As such, the impact of negative externalities is likely to be limited and the overall SOL of Singaporean is likely to have increased.ConclusionSummarise and Reiterate (SR)All in all, it can be safely concluded that there is a rise in living standards in Singapore to a large extent in spite of a lack of data on the non-material aspect of SOL. This is because of the track record of the government which has worked to increase the SOL of Singapore since 1965 effectively and dramatically. However, it is still best to embroil other indicators such as the PSI (to see the level of pollution), the Gini coefficient and MEW. These will help to give a better estimate of the change in the SOL. Ultimately, SOL is too broad a concept to be measured by any single indicator.

Case Sharp Printing Essay

Three years ago the Sharp Printing (SP) strategic management group set a goal of having a color laser printer available for the consumer and small business market for less than $200. A a couple of(prenominal) months later the senior management met off-site to deal the new crossway. The results of this meeting were a set of general technical specifications along with major deliverables, a ware launch date, and a cost estimate ground on prior experience.Shortly afterward, a meeting was arranged for middle management explaining the project goals, major responsibilities, the project start date, and importance of meeting the product launch date within the cost estimate. Members of all departments involved attended the meeting. Excitement was high. Although every iodine saw the risks as high, the promised rewards for the company and the personnel were emblazoned in their minds. A few participants questioned the legitimacy of the project duration and cost estimates.A couple of R&D peop le were worried about the technology required to produce the high-quality product for less than $200. But given the excitement of the moment, everyone agreed the project was worth doing and doable. The color laser printer project was to have the highest project priority in the company. Lauren was selected to be the project manager. She had 15 years of experience in printer design and manufacture, which included successful management of several projects related to printers for commercial markets.Since she was one of those uncomfortable with the project cost and time estimates, she felt getting good bottom-up time and cost estimates for the deliverables was her first concern. She quickly had a meeting with the evidentiary stakeholders to create a WBS identifying the work packages and organizational unit responsible for implementing the work packages. Lauren stressed she wanted time and cost estimates from those who would do the work or were the most knowledgeable, if possible. Gettin g estimates from more than one source was encouraged. Estimates were due in two weeks.The compiled estimates were placed in the WBS/OBS. The corresponding cost estimate seemed to be in error. The cost estimate was $1,250,000 over the senior management estimate this represents about a 20 percent overrun The time estimate from the genuine project network was only four months over the top management time estimate. Another meeting was scheduled with the significant stakeholders to check the estimates and to brainstorm for substitute solutions the cost and time estimates appeared to be reasonable. Some of the suggestions for the brainstorming session are listed below.

Paper vs Plastic

comparability pliable pocketbooks to other alternative packaging, they are actually to a greater extent environmentally friendly. They are lightweight, waterproof, hygienic and in all recyclable. They can be reused and they are made from a by-product of refining oil into petrol, so on that point is no yearn from raw material. The plastic starts produce no greenhouse gases and less energy necessitate in the production. Through a lifecycle energy analysis, plastic is the better bag. At current recycling place two plastic bag use less energy and produce less solid, atmospheric, and waterborne waste than a single stem bag.It found paper bags to have a more severe environmental impact in 7 out of the 8 impact categories. Paper bags were found to be especially harmful with respect to eutrophication of water bodies, water consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and production of solid waste. Plastic bag VS Paper bag 1. The paper bag unit is about twice as energy intense as a plasti c bag unit. Paper 5 2. The weight of material used for paper bags is about 4 times greater than the weight of material used for plastic bags. 3.The paper bag is 6 times heavier than the plastic bag and occupies roughly 10 times more space than plastic bags. 4. Plastic oneness trip bags have a lower environmental impact than paper one trip bags. Paper bags gene appraise 70% more airborne pollution and 30 times more waterborne pollution than plastic bags. 5. The use and reuse of the plastic carrier bags The supermarket carrier bag to be the most popular plastic bag to reuse. It is good news for environment for it will help to thin the amount of waste we throw away. . Paper bags are 85 times more energy involve for recycling compared with plastic bags. 7. Degradability versus sustainability All degradability involves the total loss of the basic materials and the creation of both the land and airborne pollution. Plastic films help to stabilize landfill and will not produce the ground -water system or the atmosphere. Paper in todays landfills doesnt degrade or break down at a substantially faster rate than plastic ones